1
2 
  -2023
.. 

(   ( 1000-. 1707)
: 3     : 100
:             
-
1.          ?
2.         
-
3.               
 
4.         
-
5.        
2
2 
6.       '  
 -
7.            
8.       
  -2023
..  

(   ( 1000-. 1707)
: 3     : 100
:             
-
1.          ?
:  11
 16
          , ,
                 '
  ,        -        
            , -  '  
    
3
2 
1.    
                
                ,  
                 
     ,         
  :         
        '        
 ,      '    ,    
 '  
  :         ,  
     -         -
    -      ,        
      '    
:  ,        ,     
               
           
2.    
       '   -       
   
,    ,      ,    
               
   : -      ,    
                
   '     
   :     ,      ,
             
            ,  
 ,        
 
 :             ,  
      ,         
           -   

3.      
                
  ,               
4
2 
               
      
  (971-1030):     '        
        '   ,     
         ,        
      
  (1162-1206):          
               
               1192
                 
    
4.      
  ,   ,         ,    
             -
                
                
   :,          
               
              
   :            
            
   ,      -     

5.    
        
,       ,  
               
                  
       
 :     '        
      ,      ',   
                 
    :         
                  
              
5
2 
6.     
   ,             
                   
,               
   :          
 
 ,              
              
 

         ,    ,  
 ,    ,           
                  
            ,    
 -                
  ,            
2.         
:       
"  "            --  
           1266  1287      
    ,            
 '           ,     
        
     -
                  
                 
  ,   -    ,      
         ,    "  "
  ,     ,       ' 
6
2 
      
1.   
              
   
 
          ,    
  
                  
   
2.    (    )
      (    )   
       
               
     
               , 
       
3.      
       ,   ,   
  
             
     
          ,      
    
4.   
      "  "     ,  
        
     '          

            
5.    
       ,    -  ' 

7
2 
    ,  ,       
 
            
6.       
                 
    
   '  
         
   
    '     -      
( ) 
        
1.   
             
    '           ,
  
     
2.       
  ,           
     '      ,   , 
         
3.    
          
                
  
     
1.  
         ,     
 
      ,      
     ,       

8
2 
2.  
              
 
    '  ,      ,     
  
     
,       
  

  "  "           ,    ,   
   
           
   ,                 
         ,        
          ,        
  ,               
-
3.               
 
:           
   (1351-1388)              
      ,        
 ,        -         ,
     '  ,         ,
         -    
1.      
                
      
A.    
          ,        
    ( )         
,         , 
       
9
2 
B.   
    '      
              

       ,    
C.  
            (  )   
 (-  '  )        
                 
 
.  
        
   ()       ,   
          '    
.    
              
    
    ,     
,          
            (--)   ( )

         
.  
          
   '            
,       '   
,      
  
10
2 
2.      
               
,    ' 
A.  
        ,    (  ),  (  ),
  (-  '  ) 
         '    ,       

              ,   
 
B.  
          ,     
     ,      
        ( )  
            
C.   
         
    ,     
           
D.    -
    -   
           
      ,         
3.       
 
1.   - ,         
2.   -       
3.  -        
 
4. -  -            
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2 
5.                  

 
1.   -        ,     

2.  -      -   
3.    
-       
,      
 
4.  ' -          
5.   '  -           
       

                 
    ,          
 ,     ,         
         ,          
    
          ,         
          ,      
  
 ,       
4.         
:    
  (13361646 .)          
               

               

1. :  
             
   ( )          
12
2 
        ,     ,    
,       
2.  
           -     
    :
  ()-       
---      
        
 -      
      
     ,          
3.  
   ,             
    
 ()-          ,   '    

 ()-      
 (-)-    -
 ()-      ,          
              
               
     
4.  
                
     ,       
   ,   ,    
       ,       
 ,          ,    
    '   
13
2 
           
5.   
      
          ,     
     
  ,   , ,         
6.  
 -           
    ,          

         
   
             , 
  -,      
1. :    
    
    , , , ,     
       ,        
  
             
2.   
        
    , ,     
,           
 ,  ,       ,   ,   
   
 '               
   
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2 
3.   
    ,   ,      

,     
    ,       
4.  
      ,      ()      
      ,   ,     '   
   ,          
5.   
        
        ,    
         
6.    
 (),          
  -         
 ()  , ,      
      
,       - 
7.     
     
,     
       
              
    , ,      ,   
  


                
  ,    ,        
15
2 
                 
 ,          
   ,   ,           
    -        ,   
       
     300       ,      
 (1565)        ,         
  '     
-
5.        
:     
   (1540-1545 .)               
 ,                   ,
         ,     '    
    ,         '  

           
1.  
               -
  ,           :
-- ( )-    
-- ( )-      
-- ( )-       
-- (   )-       
            '     
   '         
      
   
2.    
     ,           
    ( )   
16
2 
 ():      -  ( )    (
  )
 ():   -  (   ),  ( 
  ),   ( )
  ',  (  )   (  )      
           ,      
3.  
                  '
               ,  
     ,     
   '  ,       
             ,         
     
           
 ,       ,     

         '   
4.  
                   

   :           '  
,        '     
    ( ):  ,       
     '     
   :      ,    
        
:       '    
                  
   
17
2 
5.  
                
    ,          
         ()   
             
 
 
     
        
 
                   
           '    
6.    
                  
       :
   (.. ) :         
        
  ( ): 20-30  ',   ,   
           
   :     
     
        ,     

   ,  ,        '   
7.  
              '   :
   :     ,      
   :           
   
  : ,        
8.  
        ,          
  ,     '     

,           
18
2 
           '  
            '   

      ,   -         ,  
        
        
             
              
                    
                 
6.       '  
: -
   (1542-1605)         ,  
                  
  ,     -    ,   
      '          
            
  
        ,      
          
      
-             
1.      
         ,       - 
           :
   ,  ,     -      
 
     ,      -    
 
-       ,       
19
2 
 ,        ,     
  '    
        ,  -        
       
2.     
              - 
  
   (1564):    -       
      ,   
       
   
     (1563):,       
       ,       
   
                 
   
3.     
       ,       -    
    :
   -            

  -              
     
               

    ,        ,     
           
4.  
             
     
 -        
                 
       
20
2 
              

    ,         ,  
                
          
 
5.   ( )  
 -            ,  
1575       
,   ,  , ,         ' 
   
          
  ,         ,      
 
     ,        -    
 

6. -- ( )  
-   -     ,   1582  -- (  ) 
 
   
    
,         ,  ,
  ,           
      ,      ' 
     ,         , 
  
       
 --   '   
,        
     
 
7.    
        
 ,  ,       
  :
:     '      
:               
 
21
2 
:                

:              
   
               
8.      
          :
1.   :    ,       

2.  - :         
 
3.    :     ,   
- 
4.     :           
   
                

                 
    ,   -   ,    
      ,        ,  
'  ,      ,  -   ,  
            
           ,            
 
                  '
    
-
7.            
: -
  (1526-1707)          
             ,      
22
2 
                 
            
                  
     
      '           
 - ,           , 
              ,  
        
         |
1.   
     ,           
'      :
 -              

-                
-       4-5    
 -5         
      , 
       ,    
'      
2.    ( )
              
   '   ,        
    ,   ""        
        
     ()    
             '   
       
3.     
               '    
        :
1.   (      ):
o  10           
23
2 
o             (  '   
  )
o     '   (, ,        )
   
2.   -  (- ):
o     ,           
o                  
  
o    ,           
3.   (   ):
o     '        
 
o               
o            
4.   ( ):
o     '       
o           '  
4.   
        ( )       , 
     ,     
          '    
   
           
   ,       ,        

5. 
    
    -      

 (  
)            

 ( )        
24
2 
          

 -   
               
   
 ,  
           ,   

6.    '    
 :
   - 
     '  ,    
     
    -    ,      
,       
   --          
 
 :
 ' -       ,     
 ,         
   -         , 
        
  -      ,         
,      
   
1.   -   ,      ,   
 
2.           ,    
 '      
3.   -         , 
    

               ,
        ,    ,  
         ,       
         
25
2 
8.       
:   ( 1000 - 1707 .)
                 
        
         
      -       ,   
      ' 
1.  
   -     ,      '     
    
()  ()
       ,      
           
         ,     
      '  
()   (   )
                   
 :
1.  ( )-    ,    
2.  ( ))      
3.  ()-        
4.  ( )-           
5.  (--)-        
6.  ( )-         
7.  ( )-    
8.  ( )-    -   
        ,      
2.    
         ,     -  

26
2 
()   
     ,          
     ,     ,     
   
()  
      
     ()        
  
    ,         
  ( )          
 
            '  
3.  
               
     
(a)  
      ,       
     '        '   
   ,              

()   
   (      )       
     
         10%  
                  

4.  
         ,         
27
2 
()  
          
   ( ),   ( ),  ()     

()    
           
,            

            
5.  
         '  
 ( )      
           
,           
       ()      
6.    
            
  ,             
    ,   - '   

         
7.   
           
      

            
    ,         -

               
      ,        '   
28
2 
   -             , 
              
             
  
:            (  )     
         ,  
         